The finding is based on new results from NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite, launched in 2001 to measure the temperature of radiant heat left over from the Big Bang, which is the theoretical beginning to the universe.

This radiation is known as the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), and it is the oldest light in the universe.

Using WMAP data, researchers announced in 2003 that they had pieced together a very detailed snapshot of the universe as it was about 400,000 years ago, and that they had determined things like its age, composition and development.

The previous data showed that the universe was about 13.7 billion years old. It also revealed that it wasn’t until about 200 million years after the Big Bang that conditions were cool enough for the first stars to form. Scientists were also able to conclude that the universe is composed of about 4 percent real matter, about 23 percent dark matter, and about 73 percent dark energy.

The researchers collected observations of this polarization signal to create a map of the early universe, allowing them to test a sub-theory within the Big Bang theory, called “inflation.”

Inflation theory states that the universe underwent a rapid expansion immediately following the Big Bang.

“During this growth spurt, a tiny region, likely no larger than a marble, grew in a trillionth of a second to become larger than the visible universe,” said WMAP researcher David Spergel, also from Princeton University.

The new observations reveal that the early expansion wasn’t smooth, with some regions expanding faster than others.

These fluctuations are thought to have led to clumping of matter that allowed the formation of galaxies.

“A major question that people have asked for decades is where do stars and galaxies come from? The answer coming from WMAP data supports the idea that quantum fluctuations are the answer,” Greene said. “WMAP’s data supports the notion that galaxies are nothing but quantum mechanism writ large across the sky.”